A comprehensive guide to the different types of stem cells including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and adult stem cells. Learn which types are used in modern regenerative therapy.
Modern regenerative medicine primarily uses mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and cell-free approaches like exosome therapy. Each type has distinct properties and clinical applications.
MSCs are the gold standard for most regenerative medicine applications. They can be sourced from bone marrow, adipose tissue, or umbilical cord (Wharton's jelly). Wharton's jelly MSCs are preferred because they are younger, more potent, ethically sourced, and do not require donor matching due to their immunoprivileged status.
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles secreted by MSCs that carry regenerative RNA, proteins, and growth factors. They can cross biological barriers (including the blood-brain barrier) and provide many of the same benefits as full MSC therapy. Exosome therapy is often used adjunctively alongside MSC infusions for enhanced results.
HSCs are used primarily in haematological conditions and immune system reconstitution. HSCT (hematopoietic stem cell transplant) can effectively reset the immune system in severe autoimmune conditions like aggressive MS, but involves chemotherapy and carries higher risks than MSC therapy.
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